Hematuria: What It Means

Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine. It can appear as red or pink urine, which is known as gross or visible hematuria. In some cases, blood may be present but not visible to the naked eye. This is called microscopic hematuria and is detected only through urine testing.

Detecting blood in the urine can be an early warning sign of kidney, bladder, or urinary tract problems. Understanding hematuria, its causes, and treatment options is important for maintaining urinary and kidney health.

Causes of Hematuria

There are many reasons why blood may appear in the urine. While many causes are mild, some may require immediate medical attention.

• Urinary tract infection (UTI)
• Kidney or bladder stones
• Enlarged prostate in older men
• Prostate infection
• Kidney disease or trauma
• Menstrual blood in women
• Cancer of the bladder, kidney, or urinary tract
• Use of certain medicines for joint pain or swelling
• Vigorous physical exercise

Although cancer is a less common cause, it can be life-threatening. This is why any episode of blood in the urine should always be evaluated by a doctor.

Diagnosis and Testing

Doctors begin by reviewing medical history and performing a physical examination. Diagnostic tests are then recommended to identify the underlying cause of hematuria.

• Urine tests to detect blood or abnormal cells
• Cystoscopy to examine the bladder using a small camera
• Imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans

Patients may be classified as low, intermediate, or high risk based on factors such as age, smoking history, family history, workplace exposures, and other health conditions.

Low-risk patients may only require repeat urine testing and monitoring. Intermediate-risk patients may need ultrasound and cystoscopy. High-risk patients usually require CT scans and cystoscopy to detect small abnormalities.

Hematuria Treatment

Treatment depends entirely on the underlying cause. Not all patients require extensive treatment, especially if the cause is mild or temporary.

• Medications for infections or inflammation
• Procedures to remove kidney or bladder stones
• Surgery or specialised care for tumours or kidney disease
• Lifestyle changes such as proper hydration

Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment help prevent serious complications and protect kidney function.

When to See a Doctor

It is important to consult a doctor if blood is seen in the urine or if symptoms such as pain, swelling, fever, or urinary difficulties occur.

Regular checkups and urine tests are especially important for people with kidney disease, recurrent urinary infections, or a family history of urinary tract cancers.

Conclusion

Hematuria, or blood in the urine, can result from many conditions, ranging from minor infections to serious kidney or urinary tract diseases. While most causes are not life-threatening, identifying the underlying reason is essential.

With proper testing, timely treatment, and regular monitoring, hematuria can be managed effectively while protecting long-term kidney and urinary health.